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THE

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

AND

JOURNAL

ZOOIiOGY, BOTANY, MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, AND METEOROLOGY.

"V^:S§^

CONDUCTED

By J. C. LOUDON, F.L. G. & Z.S.

MEMBER OF VARIOUS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES

CONTINENT.

LONDON

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN, PATET»NOSTER-ROW.

1834.

LONDOT* ;

Printed by A. Spottisvvoode, New-Street-Square.

PREFACE

In the course of the pubUcation of the present Volume, we have complied with the general request of our correspondents, and brought out the Magazine of Natural History monthly, at a re- duced price. This will enable us to give a more ready insertion to the articles of our contributors, and, we trust, will prompt them to continue and to increase their communications.

In taking a general survey of the progress of Natural History during the past year, it is gratifying to observe the establishment of Natural History Societies, one after another, in many parts of the country. The British Association has given a grand stimulus to natural history pursuits ; and the personal intercourse, among naturalists, to which it has led, cannot fail to be highly favourable to science, and to good feeling among scientific men. By this means, also, the great object of science, viz., that of reducing it to practice, and rendering it available for the purposes of domestic and general improvement, is likely to be more immediately effected, than by the single influence of the press. The Natural History Societies of York, Newcastle upon Tyne, Worcester, Bristol, Bel- fast, and various other places, and the Entomological Society of London, are in a flourishing condition, and some of them have begun to publish volumes of their Transactions. Not only are new periodicals, devoted wholly or partly to natural history, being established in the metropolis, but also in the provinces. Among these deserve more especially to be mentioned, the EntomologiQal Magazine of London, and the Analyst of Worcester,

The Continent of Europe, and more especially France and Ger- many, may be considered as having been long in advance of Britain in natural history pursuits. In the United States of America Natural History Societies are on the increase, and, what redounds much to the honour of a new country, The American Journal of Science (Silliman's) has been some years established, and continues to be respectably supported. There are societies in India which

A 2

IV

PREFACE.

embrace natural history, in common with agriculture and garden- ing ; and a magazine has been commenced in Australia, in which natural history forms a prominent feature.

So congenial are natural history pursuits to the human mind, and so much do they tend to the progress of civilisation, to in- creased domestic comfort, to peace between nations, and to human happiness, that to us it appears that it would be treason to nature to assert that this state of things will not be progressive, and will not go on increasing, till the condition of mankind every-where is improved to an extent of which we can at present form no idea.

The more frequent appearance of this Magazine, as well as the considerable addition to the quantity of matter which will be given in the course of the year, demands corresponding exertions on the part of its Editor and Conductor ; but our readers and con- tributors may safely rely on these being made. In conclusion, we cordially thank our contributors for their past assistance, and earnestly invite them to continue to add to the common stock of knowledge through the medium of our pages.

J. C. L.

BayswateVy Nov. 10. 1834.

CORRECTIONS.

In p. 78. line 4. from the bottom, for " Apo-

crinites " read " Apiocrinltes." In p. 137. line 29. for " Witton " read " Wilton." In p. 158. line 20. for " him " read " it." In p. 161. line 10. from the bottom, for " they

were " read " it was." In p. lei.'.line 11. for " octanfracti" read " oct-

anfr&cta."; In p. 176. lines 3. and 14. from the bottom, for

" Lindegret " read " Lindegren." In p. 180. affix the b to figure 36. In p. 191. line 11. place inverted commas after

the word " plants " : in line 17. for " Rel-

ham's " read " Relhan's." In p. 228. last line but one, for " His loss " read

" The loss of him " : in the last line, for

*• allowed " read " had allowed." In p. 232. line 19. from the bottom, for " p. 233 "

read " p. 231." In p. 246. line 6. from the bottom, for " speaks "

In p. 251. line 6. from the bottom, for " 1833 "

read "1832." In p. 260. line 10. from the bottom, for " Va-

nissB., Antiopa. " read " Vanessa. Ant)opa." In p. 262. line 20. for "1133 " read " 1833." In p. 269. line 28. the treatise on ants referred to

as in the Spectator, is in the Guardian. Nos.

156, 157.

In p. 347. note +, line 7. from the bottom, for " field flycatcher " read " pied flycatcher."

In p. 369. line 5. from the bottom, for " para- sites " read " epiphytes."

In p. 378, the antenna in fig. 49. a should have been shown broader at the tip than in any other part.

In p. 382. lines 3. and 4. obliterate " subsequently raised to Is. 6d. each."

In p. 383. line 10. to " appertain " add " to plants."

In p. 429. line 22. for " grub" read " grubs."

In p. 448. line 6. from the bottom, for " reaches to A " read " reaches to b."

In p. 454. line 30. for " Nov. 18." read " Nov. 16.; " in line 35. for "^could be" read " could not be."

In p. 492. lines 12. and 13. from the bottom, for " Halichondra" read " HaHch6ndria : " the word is from chalis, flint, and chondros, car- tilage ; the cartilaginous skeleton of the crea- ture is strengthened by siliceous spicula.

In p. 506. the first word, for " rabbits " read " rabbit."

In p. 539. line 7. from the bottom, for " 570." read "510." Z1-'

In p. 567. and p. 636.S for " W. H. Y." read " W. H. H."

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

GENERAL SUBJECT. I A Description of the Habits of the Ringdove.

Remarks on the Natural Productions of Lexden ck?t^,hil^!jf,,^Mftn'!.'^'i Sl^nrv nf"n,v T^lstl^ and its Npmhhoiirhnorf Tiv T O 17 '''^^tcnes of the Natural History of my Neigh-

On dt^nStJfg Sn1;randlL^gen^^^^ an'd on ^^"^"c^onw'lv ^^f 'T^Ponln/w'iTi wtrE" the Principfes of Classificatio^n which they ! SonmoXhl^e ^^ ^^^'^^^^''^ ^"'gj involve. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. A.^ , Nofe^sTnfh'e Arrival of the British- SummS

On certain recenl Meteoric Phenom"ena, Vicis- i f'l't iTf^lJle^^^' <.:^"!i«'" «*? "m.^ situdes in the Seasons, prevalent Disorders, i £" rd Rlvth ^ ^ ^^8

Rev. W. B. Clarke, A.M. F.G.S. &c. 193^ 289 ^Sct,, ScStilT S^bi^ ghaSteri^tf^!

Shalc<!nparp a -NTatiiralut . -^riQ . ^"'^ Synonymes of a rare British Species of

SnlKlteoSleen'S Amer'ica on the Nigh? ObfeSfons'^L'^^hp'^^o^'^V'T"^ ^"s\^f «f >j.^,r n ie-1'? P8,, fi,»K^„ w H riort„ Observations on the Work of Maria Sibilla

Merian on the Insects, &c. of Surinam. By

of Nov. 13. 1833. By the Rev. W. B. Clarke. A.M. F.G.S. (A Supplement to Mr. Clarke's Essay, No. 3., in p. 289—308., On certain recent Meteoric Phenomena, Vicissitudes in the Seasons, prevalent Disorders, &c., con- temporaneous, and in supposed connection

with Volcanic Emanations) Notices of certain Omens and Superstitions con

nected with Natural Objects. By the Rev. W.

T. Bree, M. A. - - . 545

A short Sketch of the most remarkable of the

Vulgar Prejudices connected with Objects of

Natural History. By W. G. Barker, Esq, 559

ZOOLOGY.

Facts suggesting to Man his fittest Mode of defending himself from Attacks jof Animals I of the Feline and Canine Tribes. By Charles \ Waterton, Esq. - - - 1

On the Green-winged Teals of America and Britain. By James Drummond Marshall, M.D. 7

An Illustration of the Structure of somr of the Organs of a Spider, deemed the Type of a new Genus, and proposed to be called Tri- chopus libratus. By C. M. - - - 10

Illustrations in British Zoology. By George

Johnston, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College

of Surgeons of Edinburgh - 13. 126. 230. 348

490. 584. 638

Observations on the Habits of the Rook. By Charles V^aterton, Esq. - - - 100

An Introduction to the Natural History of Molluscous Animals. In a Series of Letters. By G. J. - - - 106. 218. 408

On the Structure of the Annulate Animals, and

its Relation to their Economy. By Omega

121. 235

Illustrations of some Species of British Animals which are not generally known, or have not hitherto been described. By C. M. - 129

Facts and Considerations on the Natural His- tory and Political Impropriation of the Salmon Fish. By^T. G., of Clitheroe, Lancashire 202

A Notification of the Occurrence, in the Island of Guernsey, of a Species of Testac^llus, and of some of its Characteristics and Habits, as observed there. By Frederick C. Lukis, Esq. To which arc added Notes on other Species of Testact^llus - - - - - 224

Origines Zoologicae, or Zoological Recollections. By William Turton, M.D. &c. - 315. 390

the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, B.A. F.L.S.

&c. - . . - - 355

Observations on some British Serpulas. By the

Rev. M. J. Berkeley - - - 420

"""AV I On the Injury produced to Plantations of Sal-

lows and Osiers (Salices), and Loss of Gain to the Proprietor, by the Ravages, on the Foliage of these Plants, of the Caterpillars of the Insect N^matus c&preje F. : with a Notice, in Sequel, of the very great -Importance of a Scientific Knowledge of Natural Objects to those engaged in the Practices of Rural Eco- nomy. By C. D. - - - 422

On the most advisable Methods for discovering Remedies against the Ravages of Insects; and a Notice of the Habits of the Onion Fly. By J. O. West wood, Esq. F.L.S. &c. Read before the Entomological Society, May 5.

1834 . - 425

Thoughts on the'Question, Why cannot Ani- mals speak the Language of Man ? By J. J.

481 Facts and Arguments in relation to the Two Questions, Are all Birds in the Habit of allur- ing Intruders from their Nest? and. Why do Birds sing ? By C. Conway, Esq. - - 483 A Notice of the Imitative Powers of the British Mocking-Bird, or Sedge Bird (Sylvia [Cur- riica] salic^ria), additional to that in V. 653, 654. By T. G., of Clitheroe, Lancashire 486 A Notice of the Songs of the Bramble Finch, the Mountain Linnet, and the Tree Sparrow ; with Remarks on each Species. By Mr. Ed- ward Blyth .. - - 487 Fl^sus Turtbni Bean, and LimnJ;a line^ta Bean, Two rare and hitherto undescribed Species of Shells, described and illustrated. By W^illiam Bean, Esq. - - - - 493 A List of some Land and Freshwater Species of Shells which have been found in the Neigh, bourhood of Henley on Thames. By H. E. Strickland Esq. . . . 494 Information on the Cane Fly of Grenada (Del- phax saccharivora), additional to that given in VI. 407—413. By J. O. Westwood, Esq. F.L.S. &c. - - -496- A List of the more rare of the Species of In- sect* found on Parley Heath, on the Borders of Hampshire and Dorsetshire, and Neigh- bourhood not exceeding Five Miles. By J. C. Dale, Esq. A.M. F.L.S. &c. - - 497

VI

CONTENTS.

Thoughts in relation to the Questions on the Mode of Origin of Song in Birds (111. 14-». 447. ; IV. 4m j VII. 24y. 484.). By W. H. H.

567

Facts on Humming. Birds, their Food, the Man- ner in which they take it, and on their Habits ; with Directions for preserving the Eggs of Humming Birds, and the Forms of the Bodies of Spiders, and Pupje and Larvae of Insects. By the late Kev. Lansdown Guilding, B. A. F.L.S. &c. - - - 569

The Accumulation of all possible Information respecting the Habits of the Rock Birds of Britain, by the Cooperative Agency of Natu- ralists residing near Headlands on the Coasts, suggested. By J. D. Salmon, Esq. - 573

On the Habits and Note of the Grey "Wagtail, and on the Note of the Spring Wagtail. By T. G., of Clitheroe, Lancashire - - 577

Notes on Luminous Insects, chiefly of the West Indies ; on Luminous Meteois ; on Ignes Fatui ; on the Luminousness of the Sea; and

i on the Powers possessed by the Races of Lizards, of voluntarily changing their Colour : with other Information on the Habits of Lizards. By the late Rev. Lansdown Guild- ing, B.A. F.L.S. &c. - - -579

Observations on some of the Diseases in Poultry. By J. M. Coby, Esq., Member of the Royal

. College of Surgeons in London, of the Provin- cial Medical and Surgical Association, of the

' Medical and Philosophical Society of London, &c. - - - - 630

Information on the Habits of a Species of Capri- mulgus (or of some closely allied Genus) which

i inhabits the Neighbourhood of Lima. By Mr. Andrew Mathews, A.L.S., Travelling Collector of Natural Productions in South America - » - - 633

Reasons in support of an Opinion advanced that the Mackerel is not a Migratory Species of Fish. By O. - - - 637

BOTANY.

On the Altitude of the Habitats of Plants in Cumberland, with Localities of the rarer Mountain Species. By Mr. Hewett Watson 20

A brief Notice of several Species of Epiphyl- lous Fungi which have been observed in the Neighbourhood of Oxford, and have not been hitherto generally known to occur in Britain. By Mr. William Baxter, A.L.S., Curator of the Botanic Garden at Oxford - - 24

A Description of a Mode, practised by M. Klotzscn, of drying Specimens of Fungi for preservation in Herbariums. By William Christy, jun. Esq. F.LS. &c. &c. - 131

On the supposed generic Distinction of .Ra- nunculus Fic^ria of Linn6. By Charles C Babington, M.A. F.L.S. &c. - - 375

In'brmation on the Habitat of C^rex heleonas- tes Ehrhart in Switzerland, and on the Cir- cumstances connected with the Discovery and Identification of this Species ; with like In- formation on the Carex Gaudin/dna Hoppe. By J. P. Brown, Esq., Thun, Canton of Berne, Switzerland - - - 499

GEOLOGY.

A Description of a Fossil Vegetable of the Family Fuc6Wes in the Transition Rocks of North America, and some Considerations in Geology connected with it. By R. C. Taylor, Esq. 27

Remarks and Illustrations on the Decay of the Stems of succulent Plants. By Frederick C. Lukis, Esq. 32

A Notice of some important Geological Dis- coveries at Billesdon Coplow, Leicestershire ; with Observations on the Nature of their Relation to the modern System of Geology. By Joseph Holdsworth, Esq. - - 38

Volcanoes. By W. M. Higgins, Esq. F.G.S., Lecturer on Natural Philosophy to Guy's Hospital 431

A Notice of some of the Contents of the Fresh, water Formation at Copford, near Colchester, Essex. By J. Brown, Esq. - - 43(3

Enquiries on the Causes of the Colour of the Water of the Rhine ; by J. R. : with Re- marks, in Contribution to an Answer ; by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, A.M. F.G.S. - 438

On the Cause of Volcanic Action ; a Reply to Professor Higgins's Review, in p. 434, 435., of Dr. Daubeny's Theory. By Dr. Daubeny, King's Professor of Botany and Chemistry in the University of Oxford - - 588

Some Account of the Salt of the Mountain of Gem, at Cardona, in Catalonia, Spain ; with some Facts indicative of the little Esteem entertained by Spaniards for Naturalists. By W. Perceval Hunter, Esq. - - 640

Facts and Considerations on the Strata of Mont Blanc; and on some Instances of Twisted Strata observable in Switzerland ; by J. R. : with Remarks thereon, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, A.M, F.G.S. &c. - - 644

METEOROLOGY.

Some Observations on a very interesting Aurora Boreaiis, witnessed at Hull on the Evening and Night of October 12. 1833. By George H. Fielding, Esq. M.R.C.S.L., Member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Treasurer and Hon. Curator of Comparative Anatomy to the Hull Literary and Philosophical Society, &c. &c. - - 50

A Statement of the Quantity of Rain which has fallen at High Wycombe, Bucks, during the last Ten Winters, with Remarks. By James G. Tatem, Esq. - - - 239

Data towards determining the Decrease of Temperature in Connection with Elevation above the Sea Level in Britain. By H. C. Watson, Esq. F.L.S. - - - - 443

Facts and Arguments in relation to the Causes of a singular Appearance of a Rainbow, of an unusual Appearance of the Sky, of Mirage, of Dew, and of Hoar- Frost. By a Subscriber

448

Short Communications - 52. 134. 240. 378. 455 501. 589. 654

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Retrospective Criticism - - 62. 164. 276 | Queries and Answers

80. 181. 540

REVIEWS.

Catalogue of Works on Natural History, lately ! Literary Notices published, with some Notice of those con- 1 sidered the most interesting to British Natur. I alists - 83. 185.i284. 381. 476. 543. 603. 655 |

INDEX to Books reviewed and noticed GENERAL INDEX

96. 192. 288. 384. 479. .'544. 608. 656

657 658

vu

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

No. --- Page

BIRDS.

1. The common teal of Britain . - 8

2. The green-winged teal of North Ame-

rica - - . - 9

3 Tlie great bustard {OWs t4rda L.), male 458 Diagrams of the notes of the grey and

spring wagtails - - - 578

Marks of disease on the peritoneal coat

of a fowl - - - 632

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

4. ApUdium fallax Johnston - - 15

5. Aplidium nutans Johnston - - 16

24. Ascfdia? g^mina - . - 129

25. Ascidia? /folothuria? dnceps - 130

37. Digestive organs of the freshwater

muscle (A'nodon c^gneus) - 221

38. Digestive organs of the TerMo navalis 223

39. Three figures of the Testact^llus scCitu-

lura Sowerby - . . 224

40. c, Testac^llus Maugfei F^r. ; d, shell of it 225

40. a, Zimax agr^stis ; b, eggs of it - 225

41. a, 6, c, Testac^Uus haliotideus Faune

Biguet, rar. a. Fer. - - 228

41. d, e. Magnified views of the shell of T.

septulum Sotv. - - - 228

41. /, e. Views of the shell of T. Maugf;?

F^r. - - - -228

41. h, i. Views of the shell of T. ambiguus

Fer. - . - - 228

46. Pleurobr4nchus plumula Flem., four

views of, and two views of the shell of 348 50. Proboscis of JSiiccinum undktum - 410

51 — b^. The structure of the proboscis of ^ccinum undktum, and views of the organs by which the proboscis is ope- rated - - - - 411 54. a. View of a portion of the enlarged

part of the foot of iollgo sagitt^ta - 417

54. b. The jaws of /.oligo sagittata - 417

55, 56. Two views of the stomach of LoUgo

vulgiiris ... 418

59. Tergipes p61cher Johnston - - 490

SHELLS. 32. Two views of a truncated variety of the

shell of jBuccinum palfistre Miiller - 161. 380 39—41. Views of the shells of species of

Testacellus - - 224, 225. 228

40. a. The shell of Hfelix nemoralis - 225

47. Crenatula Travisw Turton . . 350

48. Views of the configuration of the shell,

mature and in a young state, of Mf- tilus subsaxatilis Williamson - 354

61. Fusus Turtbni Bean - . 493

62. a, Limnfea linekta £ean ; b, a reversed

variety of it - - - 493

WORMS.

23. Serpula tubularia Montagu - 126. 421

26. Nais serpentina Gmelin - - 130

27. Zumbrlcus? Clit^llio Savigny ? pellii.

cida . - - 131

42. I>ycbris margarit^cea Lamarck - 231

66. Miillferia papillbsa Johnston, and details

of the structure of it - - 584

A CLASS BETWEEN THE ANNELIDES AND THE WORMS.

67. Phylline gr6ssa Johnston, a front and

back view of ... 587

CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS.

43. JE'ga monophthiilma Johnston - 233

SPIDERS. 3. Trfchopus libratus, and magnified views

of several of its organs - - 11

No.

INSECTS.

Page

33. S&sia stomoxyformis Hiib. - . 177

44. iampyris noctiluca; a, female; 6, male 250 49. a, Sc61ytus as'neus Panzer - - 378

49. b, c, Malkchius bipunctktus Babington j

b, male ; c, female - . 378 49. d, Mal&,chius rufic611is Panzer - 378

63. Sc61ytus destructor Olivier.; a, of the natural size ; d, as magnified ; b, track of the female parent ; c c, tracks of the larvEB of . - - 525

64. Track of the Sc61ytus destructor Oli- vier, and tracks of its larvae . 527

65. The hornet (Fespa Crkbro) . - 529 a a, Membrkcis ensata ; b, M. fusckta ;

c, M. spinbsa - - -602

SPONGES. 60. 5p6ngia sub^ria Montagu - [ - 491

CORALLINES.

69. Ret^pora cellulbsa Lamarck - - 639

PLANTS.

28 — 31. Diagrams exhibitiveofthe sections of ii'ungi fittest to be made in preparing specimens of these plants for drying 132, 133 7 — 19. Conditions of the stem of Semper, vivum arbbreum Z,. in the progres- sive stages of decay . . 34 — 36

METEOROLOGY.

22. A diagram of an aurora borealis wit- nessed at Hull, on Oct. 12-13. 1833 - 51

57. Diagram of the relations of varied con- ditions of rainbow seen at one time 418

GEOLOGY.

70. A view of the Aiguille de Servoz, and

of the position of the strata of which it is constituted - - 644

71. A view of the Aiguille de Dru and its

strata .... 645

72. A diagram of the position of the strata

in the Mont Blanc and the Mont Breven _ . - 645

73. A view of the position of the strata of

the rocks at Cluse - - 649

74. A view of the position of the strata of

the rocks at the Nant d'Orli - 650

75. 76. Sketches of the position of the strata

of the rocks at the Nant d'Arpenaz 651, 652 77. A sketch of the position of the strata of

the rocks near the Nant d'Arpenaz - 653

FOSSILS.

6. FucOldes alleghani^nsis Harlan . 29

7—19. Conditions of the stem of Semper^ vivum arbbreum L. in the progres- sive stages of decay, to the end of accounting for the various aspects of fossil stems of plants - - 34 — 36

20. Two states of Phytolithus verrucosus - 37

21. Three states of the Phytolithus cancel.

Iktus . - - - 37

34, 35. Diagrams exhibitive of the disposi.

tion of the column, pelvis, costals,

and scapula of specimens of Cyatho.

ctinites - - - 179, 180

36. Diagram of the position of the column,

and plates of the pelvis, of a Platy-

crinites - - - 180

45. a, b, V^iews of states of Cyrfena trig6nula

Wood - - - - 275

45. c, A view of Cyrena dep^rdita Sowerby 275

Vlll

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A Bachelor - - - -540

AD - - - "1*^

a' Subscriber - - 74. 265. 448. 519. 539

Babington, C. C, M.A. F.L.S. - 66." 95. 375". 378 Bachman, Rev. John - - „ - i75

Bakewell, R., F.G.S. - .„,- 82. 246

Barker, W. G. - - 137. 502. 559

Baxter, Wm., A.L.S., Curator of the Botanic

Garden, Oxford - - - 24

Bean, Wm. - - - - 493

Berkeley, Rev. M. J. - " „ . " 1^9

Berry, Henry - - 591. 598, 599. 601

Biggs, Arthur, F.H.S., Curator of the Botanic

Garden, Cambridge - - - 516

Bloxam, Rev. Andrew - - 146. 160. 519

Blyth, Edward - 58. 75. 244. 338. 462. 475. 487 Booker, J., LL.D. - - - 151

Bree, Rev. W. T., M. A. - 75. 77, 78. 82. 149. 179. 258. 262, 263. 272. 274. 462. 465. 524. 546.

593 Bromfield, W. A., M.D. - - 184. 273

Brown, J. - - - - 436

Brownl P. J. - - 249. 499. 532

Campanella - - - - 502

Cautrell, W. - - - - 274

CD. - - - - 422

Chalmers, M., M.D. - - - 152

Christy, Wm.,jun., F.L.S. - -131

Clarke, Rev. W. B., A.M. F.G.S. &c. - 88. 139. 141. 151. 156. 193. 289. 385. 438. 609. 645. 648. 655 Clifford, A. - - - 246. 592*. 594

CM.- - - - 10. 129

Coby, J. M., M.R.C.S.L. &c. - - 630

Conway, C. - 80. 267. 333. 483. 515, 516, 537. 543 Corroborator - - - 78

Couch, Jonathan, F.L.S. - 458. 467. 504, 505,

506. 508 Dale, J. C, M.A. F.L.S. - 60, 61. 178. 264. 497.

525 Daubeny, Charles, Dr., King's Professor of

Botany and Chemistry in the University of

Oxford - . . - 588

Deere, Henry Vietz - - - 77

Discipulus - - - - 78

K . - . - 185, 186

Edmonds, R.,jun. - - -469

E. N. D. - - 135. 157. 176. 183. 263

E. S., F.L.S. . - - 241. 456. 458

-p rp Q ^ - 530

Feniieli, James - 61. 75. 82. 142." 255. 265. 283. 505. 532. 591 Fielding, G. H., M.R.C.S.L. - - 50

Fowler, William - - - 149. 159. 518

Gardiner, Wm., jun. - - 260. 543

G. B. - - - - - 183

Gilbertson, Wm. - - - 181

G. J. - - - 106. 218. 408

Glossop, F. H. N. - - - 263

Greenough, E. H. - - -155

Guilding, Rev. Lansdown, B A. F.L.S. - 355. 569. 573. 590. 597. 601, 602. 633 Hart, Stephen, Subcurator of the Philosophical

and Literary Institution of Chatham - 549 H. B. - - - - 250. 268

Henslow, Rev. J. S., King's Professor of Botany

in the University of Cambridge - 153

Higgins, W. M., F.G.S., Lecturer on Natural

Philosophy to Guy's Hospital - - 431

Holdsworth, Joseph - - - 38

Howden, J. - . - 271. 274

Hoy, J. D. - • - - 52

Hunter, W. Perceval - - 640

J. C. - - ■ 503. 511. 517. 535

J. D., sen. - - - 159

Jennmgs, James ... 250

Jenyns. Rev. Leonard, A. M. F.L.S. - 97

J. G. .!e>u Q>-iv<Kr - - 17. 273. 514. 518

J. H. F. ^ - - - 184. 266. 532

J. J. - . - . 381. 481. 503

J. M. - - - - 135

J. M. B. - - . . 245

J. O. - - - - 57

Johnston, George, M.D. M.R.C.S.E. - 13. 126. 230. 348. 490. 584. 638 Jones, J. - - -378.504.514

J. R. - . . 438. 592. 644, 648

J. S. T. . . - - 253

Kenyon, Joseph ... 380

Lacon - . - - 77

Lukis, Frederick C - - 32. 163. 224

Mackenzie, Peter - - - 535

Main, J., A.L.S. - - - 251

Marshall, J. D.,M.D. - - - 7

Mathews, Andrew, A.L.S. - - 633

Milford, John - - - - 272

Morris, Beverley R. - - - 513

Morris, Francis Orpen - - 61

N. . - ... 190

O. . . 244. 259. 511. 533. 600. 637

Penny, George, A.L.S. - - - 260

Perry, John, jun. ... 143

Querist - - - - 82

R. B. . - - - 183

Reed, L. E. - - - - 467

Reynolds, John - - - 600

Rowe, John Reynolds - - 142. 607

Salmon, J. D. "- 176. 458. 463. 465", 466. 519. 573 S. D. W. - - - - 594

S. H. . - . - 309

S. K. - - . - - 512

Smith, J. D. - - - - 533

Strickland, Hugh E. - 64. 76. 160. 252. 265. 494.

607 Subrusticus .... 245

T. . - - - - 150

Tatem, J. G. - - - 239

Taylor, R. C. - „ - 27. 163

T. G. (Chipping Norton, Oxon.) - 152. 157

T. G. (Clitheroe, Lancashire) - 202. 486. 521, 522. 542. 577 Thompson, Thomas - - - 530

Thompson, W., Vice-President of the Belfast

Natural History Society - - 76

Tiro - - . . 515. 543

T. K. - ■• - - 539

Trevelyan, W. C, F.L.S. - T 143

Turner, Henry, Curator of the Botanic Garden,

Bury St. Edmunds - - - 596

Turton, William, M.D. - 315. 350. 390

Waterton, Charles, Author of Wanderings in

South America - 1. 67. 69. 71, 72. 74. 100. 278. 281. 283. 328 Watson, Hewett Cottrell, F.L.S. - 20. 443

W. B. B. W. - . . - 162

Weatherill, Thomas, M.D. - - 147. 597

Westwood, J. O., F.L.S. . 179. 257, 258. 379. 425. 470. 496 W. H. H. - - - 517. 636. 567

Williamson, W., jun. . . - 353

Wilson, Edward, jun., F.L.S. 251. 525. 534. 539 W. L. - - . - 146. 182

Wood. S. V. - . - - 275

W. W. - . . - 161

Y. . . - . -514

n . . ... 235

t4t - - - - 40

THE MAGAZINE

OF

NATURAL HISTORY,

JANUARY, 1834.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Facts suggesting to Man his fittest Mode of de-fending him- self from Attacks of Animals of the Feline and Canine Tribes, By Charles Waterton, Esq.

A man, at some period or other of his life, may have the misfortune to come in contact with the larger individuals of these two desperate and sanguinary races of quadrupeds. Perhaps a few hints, of a precautionary nature, in case of col- lision, may not be altogether unacceptable to Mr. Loudon's readers.

The dog and the lion are both most formidable foes to an unarmed man ; and it is singular enough that the very resist- ance which he would be forced to make, in order to escape being worried by the former, would inevitably expose him to certain destruction from the claws and teeth of the latter.

All animals of the dog tribe must be combated with might and main, and with unceasing exertion, in their attacks upon man : for, from the moment they obtain the mastery, they worry and tear their victim, as long as life remains in it. On the contrary, animals of the cat tribe having once overcome their prey, they cease, for a certain time, to inflict further injury on it. Thus, during the momentous interval from the stroke which has laid a man beneath a lion, to the time when the lion shall begin to devour him, the man mai/ have it in his power to rise again, either by his own exertions, or by the fortuitous intervention of an armed friend. But then, all depends upon quiet, extreme quiet, On the part of the man, until he plunges his dagger into the heart of the animal: for, if he tries to resist, he is sure to feel the force of his adver-

VoL. VII.— No.37. B

2 Mara s fittest Mode of Defence against

sary*s claws and teeth with redoubled vengeance. Many years ago, Colonel DufF, in India, was laid low by the stroke of a Bengal tiger. On coming to himself, he found the animal standing over him. Recollecting that he had his dirk by his side, he drew it out of the case, in the most cautious manner possible, and, by one happy thrust quite through the heart, he laid the tiger dead at his side.

I will here mention a trivial row I once had with two dogs. It will tend to prove the advantage of standing up manfully, when attacked by animals of the canine tribe ; and I will con- clude with recounting an adventure with a lion, perhaps un- paralleled in the annals of hunting.

Towards the close of the year 1823, in passing over a com- mon, I accidentally came upon two dogs. One of them was a stout, ill-looking, uncouth brute, apparently of that genealogy which dog-fanciers term half bull and half terrier ; the other was an insignificant female cur. The dog immediately bristled up ; and I had just time to take off my hat, and hold it shield- wise, in self-defence, when he came on, and made directly at it. I gave him a hearty kick under the breast, which caused him to desist for a moment. But he stoutly renewed the attack, which was continued for above five minutes ; he always flying at the hat, and I regularly repeating my kicks, some- times slightly, sometimes heavily, according to our relative situations. In the mean time the female cur was assailing me from behind ; and it was with difficulty that I succeeded in keeping her clear of me, by means of swinging my foot back- wards at her. At last, a lucky blow on her muzzle, from the heel of my shoe, caused her to run away howling, and the dog immediately followed her, just at the moment when two ma- sons were coming up to assist me. Thus, by a resolute oppo- sition, I escaped laceration. But this little affair is scarcely worth relating, except that it affords a proof of the advantage to be derived from resisting the attack of a dog to the utmost. And now for the feline tribe. The story which I am about to recount will show that nonresistance was the only plan to be pursued, when escape from death seemed utterly hopeless. The principals in this affair were a brave young British officer and a full-grown lion of India. I was at Frankfort on the Mayne in August last, and I heard the account from the officer's own mouth. I shall never forget the affable and un- assuming manner in which he related it to me. I repeatedly urged him to allow me to put it on record, and, at the same time, to make use of his name ; but I plainly saw that his feelings were against his complying with my request, and I think I should not have succeeded, had I not luckily brought

Feline and Canine Animals* ^

to my assistance the plea of benefit to natural history. With this I conquered the objections of the young soldier ; and I only wish that it had fallen to an abler pen than mine to relate the following adventure.

In the month of July, 1831, two fine lions made their appearance in a jungle, some twenty miles distant from the cantonment of Rajcote, in the East Indies, where Capt. Wood- house, and his two friends, Lieutenants Delamain and Lang, were stationed. An elephant was despatched to the place in the evening on which the information arrived ; and on the morrow, at the break of day, the three gentlemen set off on horseback, full of glee, and elated with the hope of a speedy engagement. On arriving at the edge of the jungle, people were ordered to ascend the neighbouring trees, that they might be able to trace the route of the lions, in case they left the cover. After beating about in the jungle for some time, the hunters started the two lordly strangers. The officers fired immediately, and one of the lions fell, to rise no more. His companion broke cover, and took off across the country. The officers now pursued him on horseback, as fast as the nature of the ground would allow, until they learned from the men who were stationed in the trees, and who held up flags by way of signal, that the lion had gone back into the thicket. Upon this, the three officers returned to the edge of the jungle, and, having dismounted from their horses, they got upon the elephant ; Captain Woodhouse placing himself in the hinder- most seat. They now proceeded towards the heart of the jungle, in the expectation of rousing the royal fugitive a second time. They found him standing under a large bush, with his face directly towards them. The lion allowed them to approach within range of his spring, and then he made a sudden dart at the elephant, clung on his trunk with a tremendous roar, and wounded him just above the eye. While he was in the act of doing this, the two lieutenants fired at him, but without success. The elephant now shook him off"; but the fierce and sudden attack on the part of the lion seemed to have thrown him into the greatest consternation. This was the first time he had ever come in contact with so formidable an animal ; and much exertion was used before his riders succeeded in urging him on again in quest of the lion. At last, he became somewhat more tractable ; but, as he was advancing through the jungle, all of a sudden, the lion, which had lain concealed in the high grass, made at him with redoubled fury. The officers now lost all hopes of keeping their elephant in order. He turned round abruptly, and was going away quite un- governable, when the lion again sprang at him, seized his

4 Man^sjittest Mode of Defence against

hinder parts with his teeth, and hung on them, until the affrighted animal managed to shake him off by incessant kicking.

The lion retreated farther into the thicket; Captain Wood- house, in the mean time, firing a random shot at him, which proved of no avail ; as the jolting of the elephant, and the uproar of the moment, prevented him from taking a steady aim. No exertions on the part of the officers could now force the terrified elephant to face his fierce foe, and they found themselves reduced to the necessity of dismounting. Deter- mined, however, to come to still closer quarters with the formid- able king of quadrupeds, Capt. Woodhouse took the desperate resolution to proceed on foot in quest of him ; and, after searching about for some time, he saw the lion indistinctly through the bushes, and discharged his rifle at him; but he was pretty well convinced that he had not hit him ; for he saw the lion retire, with the utmost composure, into the thicker parts of the brake. The two lieutenants, who had remained at the outside of the jungle, joined their companion, on hear- ing the report of his gun.

The weather was intolerably sultry. After vainly spending a considerable time in creeping through the grass and bushes, with the hope of discovering the place of the lion's retreat, they concluded that he had passed quite through the jungle, and gone off in an opposite direction. Resolved not to let their game escape, the lieutenants returned to the elephant, and immediately proceeded round the jungle, expecting to discover the route which they conjectured the lion had taken. Captain Woodhouse, however, remained in the thicket, and, as he could discern the print of the animal's feet on the ground, he boldly resolved to follow up the track, at all hazards. The Indian gamefinder, who continued with his commander, at last espied the lion in the cover, and pointed him out to the captain, who fired, but unfortunately missed his mark. There was now no alternative left but to retreat and load his rifle. Having retired to a distance, he was joined by Lieutenant Delamain, who had dismounted from his elephant on hearing the report of the gun. This unexpected meeting increased the captain's hopes of ultimate success. He lost no time in pointing out to the lieutenant the place where he would probably find the lion, and said he would be up with him in a moment or two.

Lieutenant Delamain, on going eight or ten paces down a sheep-track, got a sight of the lion, and instantly discharged his rifle at him.

Feline and Canine Animals, 5

" Impetus est fulvis, et vasta leonibus ira ! "

" Vast is their fury and as vast their power." — Eusden's Trans. This irritated the mighty lord of the woods, and he rushed towards him, breaking through the bushes (to use the cap- tain's own words) " in most magnificent style." Captain Woodhouse now found himself placed in an awkward situ- ation. He was aware that if he retraced his steps, in order to put himself in a better position